He saw the history of the East as the background to the Greeks. Through his dialectic and the concept of Becoming, Hegel introduced time into the concept of human existence. Man and the universe are not fixed, he suggested, they are in a state of change, of evolving toward something greater.
The universe is like an organism that is realizing itself. The Ultimate StateHegel dealt with the largest questions. He started his philosophy of history by asking: What is the purpose of the world? And his answer was that the purpose of the progression of history is to realize the idea of spirit or absolute mind. All of our individual interests and volitions are merely part of bringing about that great universal order, he asserted.
The individual exists to further the development of the whole, the World Spirit weltgeist. World historical men, like Caesar and Napoleon, are those who "grasp just such a higher universal, make it their own purpose, and realize this purpose in accordance with the higher law of the spirit.
The greatest achievements of human beings, he said, are only possible through collective social structures. He did not say that all states as they exist are truly expressions of Ultimate Spirit, but that ideally the state can be that expression. And that is the only way for humankind to realize itself.
The world is evolving to a perfect state, and when it arrives at that point, history will cease. The ideals were the starting point, specific instances would have to be fit into the categories, and that would apply to people. There was not much room in his system for the individual. Fascism conceives of the State as an absolute, in comparison with which all individuals or groups are relative, only to be conceived of in their relation to the State.
But qualitative infinity would be more selfdetermining and therefore more real. Finite, natural things are less real because they are less self-determining than spiritual things. Not only did the fascists parrot Hegel. Existentialism is associated with several 19th- and 20th-century European philosophers who shared an emphasis on the human subject, despite profound doctrinal differences. The main idea of existentialism during World War II was developed by Jean-Paul Sartre under the influence of Fyodor Dostoevsky and Martin Heidegger , whom he read in a POW camp and strongly influenced many disciplines besides philosophy , including theology, drama, art, literature, and psychology.
The term existentialism French : L'existentialisme was coined by the French Catholic philosopher Gabriel Marcel in the mids. Some scholars argue that the term should be used only to refer to the cultural movement in Europe in the s and s associated with the works of the philosophers Sartre, Simone de Beauvoir , Maurice Merleau-Ponty , and Albert Camus. The labels existentialism and existentialist are often seen as historical conveniences in as much as they were first applied to many philosophers long after they had died.
While existentialism is generally considered to have originated with Kierkegaard, the first prominent existentialist philosopher to adopt the term as a self-description was Sartre.
Innovative and affordable, books in the series are perfect for any one curious about the way the world works and the big ideas of our time. Join our mailing list to find out about our latest titles and special offers at: www. For the Whartons In memory of Heinz, Nellie, and Connie and for Peter for first supporting my existential leanings and In memory of Joseph Epstein, who first rekindled the flame.
I still have no idea why I chose to buy that particular book nor what cultural message might already have provoked an interest in its subject matter. Yet, in spite of my explorations, Being and Nothingness sat on my shelf for years — unread. Despite my reluctance to read one of its most important philosophical texts, Existentialism had a big impact on me as an alienated teenager growing up in the suburbs of New York in the s and s.
It helped me interpret my feelings of isolation and loneliness as reflective of more than my own psyche, and furthered my understanding of what seemed to me a superficial, materialist world of upper-middle-class opulence surrounding me. Existentialism is a philosophy that emphasizes individual existence , freedom and choice. It is the view that humans define their own meaning in life, and try to make rational decisions despite existing in an irrational universe. It focuses on the question of human existence , and the feeling that there is no purpose or explanation at the core of existence.
It holds that, as there is no God or any other transcendent force , the only way to counter this nothingness and hence to find meaning in life is by embracing existence. Thus, Existentialism believes that individuals are entirely free and must take personal responsibility for themselves although with this responsibility comes angst , a profound anguish or dread.
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Existential therapy is a philosophical approach. It aims to help people get more clarity and perspective on their difficulties. She could barely breathe, gasping in air through her mouth and tightening her neck and shoulders to bring the small mouth hole they had cut in the hood closer.
Skip to content. Existentialism For Dummies. Literary Criticism. Existentialism A Very Short Introduction. This book applies cutting-edge educational theory to the concept of lifelong learning. Author : Robert C. Existentialism and Humanism.
They have inspired debate, dissent, war and revolution. They have enlightened, outraged, provoked and comforted. They have enriched lives--and upended them. Now Penguin brings you a new set of the acclaimed Great Ideas, a curated library of selections from the works of the great thinkers, pioneers, radicals and visionaries whose ideas shook civilization and helped make us who we are.
This is done through a chronology, an introductory essay, a bibliography, and more than cross-referenced dictionary entries offering clear, accessible accounts of the life and thought of major existentialists like Jean-Paul Sartre, Martin Heidegger, Martin Buber, Karl Jaspers, Gabriel Marcel, Simone de Beauvoir, Albert Camus, and Maurice Merleau-Ponty, as well as thinkers influential to its development such as Wilhelm Dilthey, Henri Bergson, Edmund Husserl, and Max Scheler.
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